A convenient synthesis of 2-substituted 4-amino-5-pyrimidinecarbonitriles

Synthesis of the novel 2-halogenated 4-amino-5-pyrimidinecarbonitriles 3a,b starting from ethoxy-methylenemalononitrile 1 and cyanamide is described. Nucleophilic substitution of the reactive halogen atom leads to the derivatives 5a-g, 6 and 7a-h.     

On dielectrics of polymer electrolytes studied by impedance spectroscopy

We present a phenomenological view on dielectric relaxation in polymer electrolytes in the frequency range where conductivity is independent of frequency. Polymer electrolytes are seen as molecular mixtures of an organic polymer and an inorganic salt. The discussion applies also to ionic liquids. The following is based on systems with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) comprising the lithium perchlorate salt (LiClO₄) and also pure low-molecular PEO. In those systems, dipole-dipole interactions form an association/dissociation equilibrium which rules properties of the system in the low-frequency region. It turns out that effective concentration, c _S, of relaxing species provides a suitable variable for discussing electrochemical behavior of the electrolytes. Quantity c _S is proportional to the ratio of DC conductivity and mobility. Polymer salt mixtures form weak electrolytes. However, diffusion coefficient and corresponding molar conductivity display the typical (c _S)^1/2 dependence as well known from strong electrolytes, due to the low effective concentration c _S.     

Towards environmentally friendly, dry deposited, water developable molecular glass photoresists

Photoresists based on molecular glasses are gaining more and more importance as resist material to replace polymer based photoresist. In addition environmental issues have to be considered in the long-term. Therefore the paper describes novel negative photoresists containing a ternary mixture of a glassy low molecular functional polyphenol where the film preparation is possible by solvent-free physical vapor deposition. After UV light exposure and a thermal annealing process to enable acid catalyzed crosslinking between the molecular glass and the crosslinker, the photoresist was developed using only water to give well-defined patterns. In order to experimentally study efficiently the multiple parameters such as composition, exposure dose, and development times combinatorial PVD techniques were utilized.     

DC conductivity, cationic exchange capacity, and specific surface area related to chemical composition of pore lining chlorites

Low resistivity in argillaceous sandstone reservoirs may be attributed either to the effect of microporosity, or to specific effects due to intrinsic clays' conducting properties or to other conducting minerals. In order to distinguish these effects, cation exchange capacity, specific surface areas, and dc conductivity of various pore lining chlorite-bearing sandstones from different hydrocarbon reservoir measurements are investigated. Cation exchange capacity and specific surface area are measured on whole rocks as well as on size-separated fractions. Both sets of values are low, in agreement with the structural and textural observations. The conductivity of these chlorites, measured in air conditions and after dehydration, is investigated by means of complex impedance spectroscopy on size-separated fractions as a function of temperature and compared to that of reference clays. The results show a large influence of moisture, applied electric field frequency, and temperature on the electrical properties. The magnitude of the dehydrated clays' conductivity is such that its influence on the conductivity of argillaceous sandstone is lower than that related to the presence of water or brine by several orders of magnitude. The dc conductivity and the related activation energy of the dehydrated samples appear to be related to the chemical composition of the clays. More specifically, a clear correlation occurs with the electrical charges of the clay network, that is to say with the location, i.e., tetrahedral or octahedral sites, of the substituting trivalent elements.